We in the NRCS measure soil temperature at 50 cm or to bedrock if shallower.
In recent studies, a data logger with an external temperature lead is buried at 50 cm.
In many of the studies I coordinate, we also measure the soil temperature at 10 cm
for biological activity. The StowAway/Hobo technology can be programmed
to measure the temperature of soil 5 times a day, which is deemed acceptable.
Other networks (SCAN - Soil Climate Analysis Network) measure soil temperature
24 times a day. There are many studies that have compared the relationship
between annual air temperature and annual soil temperature at 50 cm. These data
will soon be posted in the National Soil Temperature Tables on our website.