There are a large number of soil classification systems. These systems have specific uses for which they are best suited.
One of the simplest systems is the USDA soil texture system found in the Soil Survey Manual.
http://soils.usda.gov/technical/manual/
The Unified and (American assoc. of State Highway and Tranportation Officials (AASHTO) systems are classification systems of soil materials for engineering purposes. They are explained in the National Soil Survey Handbook:
http://soils.usda.gov/technical/handbook/
Soil Taxonomy is a basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys.
http://soils.usda.gov/technical/classification/taxonomy/
The following web site has many other classification systems:
http://www.itc.nl/~rossiter/research/rsrch_ss_class.html